All Planet Sounds From Space

All Planet Sounds From Space


 

"Cosmic Symphony: Sounds from the Planets"

In the vast expanse of our solar system, planets are often seen as silent celestial bodies, but in reality, they produce an array of sounds that are fascinating, mysterious, and informative. These sounds are not audible to the human ear, as sound requires a medium like air to travel through, and the vacuum of space is devoid of such a medium. However, scientists have managed to capture and translate these planetary sounds by using specialized instruments on spacecraft and space probes. In this article, we will explore the intriguing phenomenon of planetary sounds, how they are captured, and the sounds emitted by each planet in our solar system.

What Are Planetary Sounds?

Planetary sounds are not the types of sounds you might hear from Earth’s animals, wind, or human-made instruments. They are typically electromagnetic waves, plasma vibrations, and other forms of energy that can be converted into sound waves. These waves occur due to interactions between the planet's magnetic field, atmosphere, and solar winds. Space agencies such as NASA and ESA (European Space Agency) have created specialized instruments designed to capture these signals. These signals are then translated into audible sound frequencies, so humans can experience what they might sound like if they were in a medium capable of transmitting sound.



How Are Planetary Sounds Captured?

Space probes and satellites designed to study planets are equipped with various instruments capable of detecting different forms of electromagnetic waves. These instruments measure fluctuations in plasma, magnetospheres, and other space phenomena, and the data they collect are then converted into sound waves that we can listen to. The conversion process involves changing the frequencies of these electromagnetic waves into ranges that human ears can detect, usually from the inaudible range (below 20 Hz or above 20,000 Hz) into the audible range (20 Hz to 20,000 Hz).




In some cases, the sounds are natural byproducts of the planet’s environment. For example, Jupiter’s massive magnetosphere generates radio emissions, which can be converted into sound. Similarly, the interaction of Saturn’s moons with its magnetic field causes electromagnetic pulses that can be converted into detectable sound frequencies.

The Sounds of the Planets: Planetary Vibrations

1. Mercury

Mercury, the smallest planet in the solar system, does not have an atmosphere like Earth, making it relatively silent in terms of sound. However, its proximity to the Sun and the Sun's solar wind interactions cause the planet’s magnetic field to produce a faint hum. NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft, which orbited Mercury from 2011 to 2015, captured some electromagnetic vibrations. When converted to sound, these vibrations give off a continuous "whistling" noise. These signals are the result of the solar wind interacting with Mercury's weak magnetic field.

2. Venus

Venus, known for its thick atmosphere and extreme surface conditions, has its own unique sound. The planet’s thick clouds and high atmospheric pressure generate a variety of electromagnetic emissions, which space probes, including NASA’s Pioneer Venus program and ESA's Venus Express, have captured. These emissions are mainly due to the interaction between Venus's ionosphere and the solar wind. When converted to sound, the vibrations create a low, droning hum, almost like a distant engine noise, which is a byproduct of the planet’s interaction with solar radiation.

3. Earth

Earth’s soundscape is arguably the most diverse in the solar system, with natural sounds produced by the atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms. However, when we look at the sounds produced by Earth in space, they are primarily the result of our planet’s magnetosphere interacting with the solar wind. NASA’s THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) mission captured the planet’s electromagnetic sounds. These include strange, rhythmic pulsations and hums that occur during geomagnetic storms. Additionally, the auroras near the poles also produce sounds that can sometimes be heard, often described as crackling or buzzing noises. However, these are not audible in space but are often recorded on Earth.

4. Mars

Mars, often called the "Red Planet," has a thin atmosphere made mostly of carbon dioxide, which makes it a relatively quiet planet in terms of atmospheric sound. However, electromagnetic waves emanating from the planet’s magnetic field and the interaction between Mars and solar winds have been detected. The Mars Express spacecraft captured these sounds, which, when translated into audible frequencies, sound like a series of rapid pulses or bursts. The sounds are created as charged particles interact with the Martian magnetic field and atmosphere. These electromagnetic emissions can provide scientists with valuable information about Mars's atmospheric conditions and magnetosphere.

5. Jupiter

Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, is famous for its massive and powerful magnetic field. The planet’s magnetosphere is home to intense radiation and charged particles. NASA’s Juno spacecraft, which has been studying Jupiter since 2016, has captured some truly eerie and alien-like sounds. The magnetic field and interactions between the planet and its many moons produce powerful electromagnetic waves. When these waves are converted to sound, they emit strange noises, often described as whistles, hums, or whooshes. These sounds are the result of solar wind interacting with Jupiter’s magnetic field, and the frequencies vary based on the planet’s position relative to the Sun.

6. Saturn

Saturn’s stunning rings and its many moons make it one of the most fascinating planets in the solar system. But beyond its physical beauty, Saturn also generates fascinating sounds. The Cassini spacecraft, which orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017, recorded various electromagnetic emissions from the planet's magnetosphere. These sounds range from low-frequency whistling to more complex and harmonic tones, often resembling a distorted musical note. The sounds occur due to the interaction between the planet’s magnetic field and the solar wind, as well as the influence of its moons, particularly Enceladus, which has a geologically active surface.

7. Uranus

Uranus, the ice giant, has a unique and somewhat mysterious magnetic field. Its magnetic field is tilted at a dramatic angle, and this creates unusual electromagnetic signals. The Voyager 2 spacecraft, which flew past Uranus in 1986, recorded electromagnetic waves in the planet’s magnetosphere. The resulting sounds are complex and haunting, with deep rumbles and hums. These sounds are caused by the planet’s interaction with the solar wind, creating a strange but rhythmic pattern when converted into audible frequencies.

8. Neptune

Neptune, the farthest planet from the Sun, also generates electromagnetic waves within its magnetosphere. NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft captured these waves in 1989 during its flyby of the planet. The resulting sounds are low-frequency hums, somewhat similar to the sounds captured from Uranus. However, Neptune’s sounds are more complex, with sharp variations in pitch, caused by the planet’s highly dynamic atmosphere and the interaction between the solar wind and Neptune’s magnetic field. These sounds are typically described as eerie and mysterious.

9. Pluto (Dwarf Planet)

Though no longer officially classified as a planet, Pluto has been a subject of interest in terms of space sounds. NASA’s New Horizons mission, which flew by Pluto in 2015, recorded some data on its environment, including electromagnetic emissions. These sounds are not well-documented but are believed to be very faint, likely caused by interactions between the solar wind and Pluto's tenuous atmosphere. They remain a subject of interest for future exploration.

Why Are These Sounds Important?

The sounds of planets are more than just curiosities. They provide scientists with valuable insights into the conditions of the planets, including their magnetic fields, atmospheres, and interactions with solar winds. By studying these sounds, scientists can learn more about the fundamental processes occurring on these planets and how they compare to Earth.




For example, the sound data from Jupiter’s and Saturn’s magnetic fields can help researchers understand the behavior of cosmic rays and solar wind. The sounds recorded on Mars and Venus provide clues about the atmospheres and how they interact with their surroundings. Understanding these planetary environments is essential for future space exploration and for the search for life beyond Earth.

Conclusion

The sounds of planets are a fascinating byproduct of space exploration, and they offer us a unique way to engage with the cosmos. By converting electromagnetic waves and plasma vibrations into sound, we can listen to the silent activity of distant worlds. Whether it's the eerie hum of Jupiter’s magnetosphere or the faint whistling of Mercury, each planet has its own voice in the cosmic symphony. These planetary sounds not only pique our curiosity but also expand our understanding of the solar system and the processes that govern it.

SEO Keywords

  • Planet sounds from space
  • Space sounds
  • NASA planetary sounds
  • Electromagnetic waves from planets
  • Solar system sounds
  • Planetary soundscape
  • Jupiter sounds
  • Mars sounds
  • Saturn sounds
  • Planetary magnetospheres
  • Space exploration sounds


 

"Cosmic Symphony: Sounds from the Planets"

In the vast expanse of our solar system, planets are often seen as silent celestial bodies, but in reality, they produce an array of sounds that are fascinating, mysterious, and informative. These sounds are not audible to the human ear, as sound requires a medium like air to travel through, and the vacuum of space is devoid of such a medium. However, scientists have managed to capture and translate these planetary sounds by using specialized instruments on spacecraft and space probes. In this article, we will explore the intriguing phenomenon of planetary sounds, how they are captured, and the sounds emitted by each planet in our solar system.

What Are Planetary Sounds?

Planetary sounds are not the types of sounds you might hear from Earth’s animals, wind, or human-made instruments. They are typically electromagnetic waves, plasma vibrations, and other forms of energy that can be converted into sound waves. These waves occur due to interactions between the planet's magnetic field, atmosphere, and solar winds. Space agencies such as NASA and ESA (European Space Agency) have created specialized instruments designed to capture these signals. These signals are then translated into audible sound frequencies, so humans can experience what they might sound like if they were in a medium capable of transmitting sound.



How Are Planetary Sounds Captured?

Space probes and satellites designed to study planets are equipped with various instruments capable of detecting different forms of electromagnetic waves. These instruments measure fluctuations in plasma, magnetospheres, and other space phenomena, and the data they collect are then converted into sound waves that we can listen to. The conversion process involves changing the frequencies of these electromagnetic waves into ranges that human ears can detect, usually from the inaudible range (below 20 Hz or above 20,000 Hz) into the audible range (20 Hz to 20,000 Hz).




In some cases, the sounds are natural byproducts of the planet’s environment. For example, Jupiter’s massive magnetosphere generates radio emissions, which can be converted into sound. Similarly, the interaction of Saturn’s moons with its magnetic field causes electromagnetic pulses that can be converted into detectable sound frequencies.

The Sounds of the Planets: Planetary Vibrations

1. Mercury

Mercury, the smallest planet in the solar system, does not have an atmosphere like Earth, making it relatively silent in terms of sound. However, its proximity to the Sun and the Sun's solar wind interactions cause the planet’s magnetic field to produce a faint hum. NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft, which orbited Mercury from 2011 to 2015, captured some electromagnetic vibrations. When converted to sound, these vibrations give off a continuous "whistling" noise. These signals are the result of the solar wind interacting with Mercury's weak magnetic field.

2. Venus

Venus, known for its thick atmosphere and extreme surface conditions, has its own unique sound. The planet’s thick clouds and high atmospheric pressure generate a variety of electromagnetic emissions, which space probes, including NASA’s Pioneer Venus program and ESA's Venus Express, have captured. These emissions are mainly due to the interaction between Venus's ionosphere and the solar wind. When converted to sound, the vibrations create a low, droning hum, almost like a distant engine noise, which is a byproduct of the planet’s interaction with solar radiation.

3. Earth

Earth’s soundscape is arguably the most diverse in the solar system, with natural sounds produced by the atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms. However, when we look at the sounds produced by Earth in space, they are primarily the result of our planet’s magnetosphere interacting with the solar wind. NASA’s THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) mission captured the planet’s electromagnetic sounds. These include strange, rhythmic pulsations and hums that occur during geomagnetic storms. Additionally, the auroras near the poles also produce sounds that can sometimes be heard, often described as crackling or buzzing noises. However, these are not audible in space but are often recorded on Earth.

4. Mars

Mars, often called the "Red Planet," has a thin atmosphere made mostly of carbon dioxide, which makes it a relatively quiet planet in terms of atmospheric sound. However, electromagnetic waves emanating from the planet’s magnetic field and the interaction between Mars and solar winds have been detected. The Mars Express spacecraft captured these sounds, which, when translated into audible frequencies, sound like a series of rapid pulses or bursts. The sounds are created as charged particles interact with the Martian magnetic field and atmosphere. These electromagnetic emissions can provide scientists with valuable information about Mars's atmospheric conditions and magnetosphere.

5. Jupiter

Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, is famous for its massive and powerful magnetic field. The planet’s magnetosphere is home to intense radiation and charged particles. NASA’s Juno spacecraft, which has been studying Jupiter since 2016, has captured some truly eerie and alien-like sounds. The magnetic field and interactions between the planet and its many moons produce powerful electromagnetic waves. When these waves are converted to sound, they emit strange noises, often described as whistles, hums, or whooshes. These sounds are the result of solar wind interacting with Jupiter’s magnetic field, and the frequencies vary based on the planet’s position relative to the Sun.

6. Saturn

Saturn’s stunning rings and its many moons make it one of the most fascinating planets in the solar system. But beyond its physical beauty, Saturn also generates fascinating sounds. The Cassini spacecraft, which orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017, recorded various electromagnetic emissions from the planet's magnetosphere. These sounds range from low-frequency whistling to more complex and harmonic tones, often resembling a distorted musical note. The sounds occur due to the interaction between the planet’s magnetic field and the solar wind, as well as the influence of its moons, particularly Enceladus, which has a geologically active surface.

7. Uranus

Uranus, the ice giant, has a unique and somewhat mysterious magnetic field. Its magnetic field is tilted at a dramatic angle, and this creates unusual electromagnetic signals. The Voyager 2 spacecraft, which flew past Uranus in 1986, recorded electromagnetic waves in the planet’s magnetosphere. The resulting sounds are complex and haunting, with deep rumbles and hums. These sounds are caused by the planet’s interaction with the solar wind, creating a strange but rhythmic pattern when converted into audible frequencies.

8. Neptune

Neptune, the farthest planet from the Sun, also generates electromagnetic waves within its magnetosphere. NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft captured these waves in 1989 during its flyby of the planet. The resulting sounds are low-frequency hums, somewhat similar to the sounds captured from Uranus. However, Neptune’s sounds are more complex, with sharp variations in pitch, caused by the planet’s highly dynamic atmosphere and the interaction between the solar wind and Neptune’s magnetic field. These sounds are typically described as eerie and mysterious.

9. Pluto (Dwarf Planet)

Though no longer officially classified as a planet, Pluto has been a subject of interest in terms of space sounds. NASA’s New Horizons mission, which flew by Pluto in 2015, recorded some data on its environment, including electromagnetic emissions. These sounds are not well-documented but are believed to be very faint, likely caused by interactions between the solar wind and Pluto's tenuous atmosphere. They remain a subject of interest for future exploration.

Why Are These Sounds Important?

The sounds of planets are more than just curiosities. They provide scientists with valuable insights into the conditions of the planets, including their magnetic fields, atmospheres, and interactions with solar winds. By studying these sounds, scientists can learn more about the fundamental processes occurring on these planets and how they compare to Earth.




For example, the sound data from Jupiter’s and Saturn’s magnetic fields can help researchers understand the behavior of cosmic rays and solar wind. The sounds recorded on Mars and Venus provide clues about the atmospheres and how they interact with their surroundings. Understanding these planetary environments is essential for future space exploration and for the search for life beyond Earth.

Conclusion

The sounds of planets are a fascinating byproduct of space exploration, and they offer us a unique way to engage with the cosmos. By converting electromagnetic waves and plasma vibrations into sound, we can listen to the silent activity of distant worlds. Whether it's the eerie hum of Jupiter’s magnetosphere or the faint whistling of Mercury, each planet has its own voice in the cosmic symphony. These planetary sounds not only pique our curiosity but also expand our understanding of the solar system and the processes that govern it.

SEO Keywords

  • Planet sounds from space
  • Space sounds
  • NASA planetary sounds
  • Electromagnetic waves from planets
  • Solar system sounds
  • Planetary soundscape
  • Jupiter sounds
  • Mars sounds
  • Saturn sounds
  • Planetary magnetospheres
  • Space exploration sounds

Post a Comment

0 Comments

Everything You Need to Know About the Boeing Starliner Crew Flight Test Schedule
Boeing Starliner Crew Flight Test 2024: Detailed Timeline and Updates
SpaceX Launches 200 Rockets, First Time in History
Runaway greenhouse effect could turn Earth into an uninhabitable hell
("
").addClass(d.navContainerClass).prependTo(this._controls.$container),this._controls.$next=a("<"+d.navElement+">"),this._controls.$previous=this._controls.$next.clone(),this._controls.$previous.addClass(d.navClass[0]).html(d.navText[0]).hide().prependTo(b).on("click",a.proxy(function(){this.prev(d.navSpeed)},this)),this._controls.$next.addClass(d.navClass[1]).html(d.navText[1]).hide().appendTo(b).on("click",a.proxy(function(){this.next(d.navSpeed)},this));for(c in this._overrides)this._core[c]=a.proxy(this[c],this)},b.prototype.destroy=function(){var a,b,c,d;for(a in this._handlers)this.$element.off(a,this._handlers[a]);for(b in this._controls)this._controls[b].remove();for(d in this.overides)this._core[d]=this._overrides[d];for(c in Object.getOwnPropertyNames(this))"function"!=typeof this[c]&&(this[c]=null)},b.prototype.update=function(){var a,b,c,d=this._core.settings,e=this._core.clones().length/2,f=e+this._core.items().length,g=d.center||d.autoWidth||d.dotData?1:d.dotsEach||d.items;if("page"!==d.slideBy&&(d.slideBy=Math.min(d.slideBy,d.items)),d.dots||"page"==d.slideBy)for(this._pages=[],a=e,b=0,c=0;f>a;a++)(b>=g||0===b)&&(this._pages.push({start:a-e,end:a-e+g-1}),b=0,++c),b+=this._core.mergers(this._core.relative(a))},b.prototype.draw=function(){var b,c,d="",e=this._core.settings,f=(this._core.$stage.children(),this._core.relative(this._core.current()));if(!e.nav||e.loop||e.navRewind||(this._controls.$previous.toggleClass("disabled",0>=f),this._controls.$next.toggleClass("disabled",f>=this._core.maximum())),this._controls.$previous.toggle(e.nav),this._controls.$next.toggle(e.nav),e.dots){if(b=this._pages.length-this._controls.$indicators.children().length,e.dotData&&0!==b){for(c=0;c0?(d=new Array(b+1).join(this._templates[0]),this._controls.$indicators.append(d)):0>b&&this._controls.$indicators.children().slice(b).remove();this._controls.$indicators.find(".active").removeClass("active"),this._controls.$indicators.children().eq(a.inArray(this.current(),this._pages)).addClass("active")}this._controls.$indicators.toggle(e.dots)},b.prototype.onTrigger=function(b){var c=this._core.settings;b.page={index:a.inArray(this.current(),this._pages),count:this._pages.length,size:c&&(c.center||c.autoWidth||c.dotData?1:c.dotsEach||c.items)}},b.prototype.current=function(){var b=this._core.relative(this._core.current());return a.grep(this._pages,function(a){return a.start<=b&&a.end>=b}).pop()},b.prototype.getPosition=function(b){var c,d,e=this._core.settings;return"page"==e.slideBy?(c=a.inArray(this.current(),this._pages),d=this._pages.length,b?++c:--c,c=this._pages[(c%d+d)%d].start):(c=this._core.relative(this._core.current()),d=this._core.items().length,b?c+=e.slideBy:c-=e.slideBy),c},b.prototype.next=function(b){a.proxy(this._overrides.to,this._core)(this.getPosition(!0),b)},b.prototype.prev=function(b){a.proxy(this._overrides.to,this._core)(this.getPosition(!1),b)},b.prototype.to=function(b,c,d){var e;d?a.proxy(this._overrides.to,this._core)(b,c):(e=this._pages.length,a.proxy(this._overrides.to,this._core)(this._pages[(b%e+e)%e].start,c))},a.fn.owlCarousel.Constructor.Plugins.Navigation=b}(window.Zepto||window.jQuery,window,document),function(a,b){"use strict";var c=function(d){this._core=d,this._hashes={},this.$element=this._core.$element,this._handlers={"initialized.owl.carousel":a.proxy(function(){"URLHash"==this._core.settings.startPosition&&a(b).trigger("hashchange.owl.navigation")},this),"prepared.owl.carousel":a.proxy(function(b){var c=a(b.content).find("[data-hash]").andSelf("[data-hash]").attr("data-hash");this._hashes[c]=b.content},this)},this._core.options=a.extend({},c.Defaults,this._core.options),this.$element.on(this._handlers),a(b).on("hashchange.owl.navigation",a.proxy(function(){var a=b.location.hash.substring(1),c=this._core.$stage.children(),d=this._hashes[a]&&c.index(this._hashes[a])||0;return a?void this._core.to(d,!1,!0):!1},this))};c.Defaults={URLhashListener:!1},c.prototype.destroy=function(){var c,d;a(b).off("hashchange.owl.navigation");for(c in this._handlers)this._core.$element.off(c,this._handlers[c]);for(d in Object.getOwnPropertyNames(this))"function"!=typeof this[d]&&(this[d]=null)},a.fn.owlCarousel.Constructor.Plugins.Hash=c}(window.Zepto||window.jQuery,window,document); /*! Theia Sticky Sidebar | v1.7.0 - https://github.com/WeCodePixels/theia-sticky-sidebar */ (function($){$.fn.theiaStickySidebar=function(options){var defaults={'containerSelector':'','additionalMarginTop':0,'additionalMarginBottom':0,'updateSidebarHeight':true,'minWidth':0,'disableOnResponsiveLayouts':true,'sidebarBehavior':'modern','defaultPosition':'relative','namespace':'TSS'};options=$.extend(defaults,options);options.additionalMarginTop=parseInt(options.additionalMarginTop)||0;options.additionalMarginBottom=parseInt(options.additionalMarginBottom)||0;tryInitOrHookIntoEvents(options,this);function tryInitOrHookIntoEvents(options,$that){var success=tryInit(options,$that);if(!success){console.log('TSS: Body width smaller than options.minWidth. Init is delayed.');$(document).on('scroll.'+options.namespace,function(options,$that){return function(evt){var success=tryInit(options,$that);if(success){$(this).unbind(evt)}}}(options,$that));$(window).on('resize.'+options.namespace,function(options,$that){return function(evt){var success=tryInit(options,$that);if(success){$(this).unbind(evt)}}}(options,$that))}}function tryInit(options,$that){if(options.initialized===true){return true}if($('body').width().theiaStickySidebar:after {content: ""; display: table; clear: both;}'))}$that.each(function(){var o={};o.sidebar=$(this);o.options=options||{};o.container=$(o.options.containerSelector);if(o.container.length==0){o.container=o.sidebar.parent()}o.sidebar.parents().css('-webkit-transform','none');o.sidebar.css({'position':o.options.defaultPosition,'overflow':'visible','-webkit-box-sizing':'border-box','-moz-box-sizing':'border-box','box-sizing':'border-box'});o.stickySidebar=o.sidebar.find('.theiaStickySidebar');if(o.stickySidebar.length==0){var javaScriptMIMETypes=/(?:text|application)\/(?:x-)?(?:javascript|ecmascript)/i;o.sidebar.find('script').filter(function(index,script){return script.type.length===0||script.type.match(javaScriptMIMETypes)}).remove();o.stickySidebar=$('
').addClass('theiaStickySidebar').append(o.sidebar.children());o.sidebar.append(o.stickySidebar)}o.marginBottom=parseInt(o.sidebar.css('margin-bottom'));o.paddingTop=parseInt(o.sidebar.css('padding-top'));o.paddingBottom=parseInt(o.sidebar.css('padding-bottom'));var collapsedTopHeight=o.stickySidebar.offset().top;var collapsedBottomHeight=o.stickySidebar.outerHeight();o.stickySidebar.css('padding-top',1);o.stickySidebar.css('padding-bottom',1);collapsedTopHeight-=o.stickySidebar.offset().top;collapsedBottomHeight=o.stickySidebar.outerHeight()-collapsedBottomHeight-collapsedTopHeight;if(collapsedTopHeight==0){o.stickySidebar.css('padding-top',0);o.stickySidebarPaddingTop=0}else{o.stickySidebarPaddingTop=1}if(collapsedBottomHeight==0){o.stickySidebar.css('padding-bottom',0);o.stickySidebarPaddingBottom=0}else{o.stickySidebarPaddingBottom=1}o.previousScrollTop=null;o.fixedScrollTop=0;resetSidebar();o.onScroll=function(o){if(!o.stickySidebar.is(":visible")){return}if($('body').width()o.container.width()){resetSidebar();return}}var scrollTop=$(document).scrollTop();var position='static';if(scrollTop>=o.sidebar.offset().top+(o.paddingTop-o.options.additionalMarginTop)){var offsetTop=o.paddingTop+options.additionalMarginTop;var offsetBottom=o.paddingBottom+o.marginBottom+options.additionalMarginBottom;var containerTop=o.sidebar.offset().top;var containerBottom=o.sidebar.offset().top+getClearedHeight(o.container);var windowOffsetTop=0+options.additionalMarginTop;var windowOffsetBottom;var sidebarSmallerThanWindow=(o.stickySidebar.outerHeight()+offsetTop+offsetBottom)<$(window).height();if(sidebarSmallerThanWindow){windowOffsetBottom=windowOffsetTop+o.stickySidebar.outerHeight()}else{windowOffsetBottom=$(window).height()-o.marginBottom-o.paddingBottom-options.additionalMarginBottom}var staticLimitTop=containerTop-scrollTop+o.paddingTop;var staticLimitBottom=containerBottom-scrollTop-o.paddingBottom-o.marginBottom;var top=o.stickySidebar.offset().top-scrollTop;var scrollTopDiff=o.previousScrollTop-scrollTop;if(o.stickySidebar.css('position')=='fixed'){if(o.options.sidebarBehavior=='modern'){top+=scrollTopDiff}}if(o.options.sidebarBehavior=='stick-to-top'){top=options.additionalMarginTop}if(o.options.sidebarBehavior=='stick-to-bottom'){top=windowOffsetBottom-o.stickySidebar.outerHeight()}if(scrollTopDiff>0){top=Math.min(top,windowOffsetTop)}else{top=Math.max(top,windowOffsetBottom-o.stickySidebar.outerHeight())}top=Math.max(top,staticLimitTop);top=Math.min(top,staticLimitBottom-o.stickySidebar.outerHeight());var sidebarSameHeightAsContainer=o.container.height()==o.stickySidebar.outerHeight();if(!sidebarSameHeightAsContainer&&top==windowOffsetTop){position='fixed'}else if(!sidebarSameHeightAsContainer&&top==windowOffsetBottom-o.stickySidebar.outerHeight()){position='fixed'}else if(scrollTop+top-o.sidebar.offset().top-o.paddingTop<=options.additionalMarginTop){position='static'}else{position='absolute'}}if(position=='fixed'){var scrollLeft=$(document).scrollLeft();o.stickySidebar.css({'position':'fixed','width':getWidthForObject(o.stickySidebar)+'px','transform':'translateY('+top+'px)','left':(o.sidebar.offset().left+parseInt(o.sidebar.css('padding-left'))-scrollLeft)+'px','top':'0px'})}else if(position=='absolute'){var css={};if(o.stickySidebar.css('position')!='absolute'){css.position='absolute';css.transform='translateY('+(scrollTop+top-o.sidebar.offset().top-o.stickySidebarPaddingTop-o.stickySidebarPaddingBottom)+'px)';css.top='0px'}css.width=getWidthForObject(o.stickySidebar)+'px';css.left='';o.stickySidebar.css(css)}else if(position=='static'){resetSidebar()}if(position!='static'){if(o.options.updateSidebarHeight==true){o.sidebar.css({'min-height':o.stickySidebar.outerHeight()+o.stickySidebar.offset().top-o.sidebar.offset().top+o.paddingBottom})}}o.previousScrollTop=scrollTop};o.onScroll(o);$(document).on('scroll.'+o.options.namespace,function(o){return function(){o.onScroll(o)}}(o));$(window).on('resize.'+o.options.namespace,function(o){return function(){o.stickySidebar.css({'position':'static'});o.onScroll(o)}}(o));if(typeof ResizeSensor!=='undefined'){new ResizeSensor(o.stickySidebar[0],function(o){return function(){o.onScroll(o)}}(o))}function resetSidebar(){o.fixedScrollTop=0;o.sidebar.css({'min-height':'1px'});o.stickySidebar.css({'position':'static','width':'','transform':'none'})}function getClearedHeight(e){var height=e.height();e.children().each(function(){height=Math.max(height,$(this).height())});return height}})}function getWidthForObject(object){var width;try{width=object[0].getBoundingClientRect().width}catch(err){}if(typeof width==="undefined"){width=object.width()}return width}return this}})(jQuery); /*! Table of Contents | v0.4.0 - https://github.com/ndabas/toc */ !function(t){"use strict";var n=function(n){return this.each(function(){var e,i,a=t(this),o=a.data(),c=[a],r=this.tagName,d=0;e=t.extend({content:"body",headings:"h1,h2,h3"},{content:o.toc||void 0,headings:o.tocHeadings||void 0},n),i=e.headings.split(","),t(e.content).find(e.headings).attr("id",function(n,e){return e||function(t){0===t.length&&(t="?");for(var n=t.replace(/\s+/g,"_"),e="",i=1;null!==document.getElementById(n+e);)e="_"+i++;return n+e}(t(this).text())}).each(function(){var n=t(this),e=t.map(i,function(t,e){return n.is(t)?e:void 0})[0];if(e>d){var a=c[0].children("li:last")[0];a&&c.unshift(t("<"+r+"/>").appendTo(a))}else c.splice(0,Math.min(d-e,Math.max(c.length-1,0)));t("
  • ").appendTo(c[0]).append(t("").text(n.text()).attr("href","#"+n.attr("id"))),d=e})})},e=t.fn.toc;t.fn.toc=n,t.fn.toc.noConflict=function(){return t.fn.toc=e,this},t(function(){n.call(t("[data-toc]"))})}(window.jQuery); //]]>